From face-puckering citric acid bombs to mellow tangy chews, we tested 30+ sour gummy brands and ranked the 10 best by sour intensity, flavor quality, sugar content, and value. Whether you want low-sugar, organic, or the most extreme pucker on the market — this guide has your pick.
Updated April 202610 Products Compared30+ Brands Tested
Sarah is GummyGuide's lead nutrition analyst. She holds a Master's in Nutritional Science from Tufts University and specializes in functional foods, sugar reduction science, and ingredient transparency in the confectionery industry.
Disclosure: We may earn a commission when you purchase through our links, at no extra cost to you. Our recommendations are based on independent testing and research. Full disclosure.
The sour gummy category has exploded. What was once limited to Sour Patch Kids and a handful of gas station options has become a $2.8 billion segment of the US confectionery market, growing at 8.3% annually since 2022. Consumers want more: more sour intensity, more flavor complexity, cleaner ingredients, and less sugar. The best sour gummies in 2026 deliver on all four fronts. We tested 30+ brands over three weeks — measuring sour intensity with pH meters, running blind taste panels, and analyzing every nutrition label — to identify the 10 sour gummies that are genuinely worth buying.
6,600
monthly Google searches for "sour gummies" in the United States — reflecting strong year-round demand for sour candy that has grown 45% since 2023 as low-sugar and organic options enter the mainstream.
Candy, not supplements. This guide covers sour gummy candy — the kind you eat for enjoyment. If you are looking for sour-flavored gummy vitamins or supplements, see our broader sugar-free gummies guide for wellness formulas that prioritize nutrition over confectionery.
What Makes Gummies Sour — The Science Behind the Pucker
Understanding how sourness works helps explain why some sour gummies deliver an intense face-puckering hit while others offer a gentle tang. The sour sensation is created entirely by food-grade acids, and each acid produces a distinct flavor profile and duration. The three primary acids used in sour candy are citric acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid — and the best sour gummies use strategic combinations of all three.
Citric Acid
Derived from citrus fruits. Produces a sharp, immediate sourness that hits fast and fades quickly. The most common acid in sour candy coatings. pH level: 2.2 in pure solution.
Malic Acid
Found naturally in apples and grapes. Creates a smoother, longer-lasting sourness that builds gradually. Often mixed into the gummy base itself for sustained tartness throughout chewing.
Tartaric Acid
Extracted from grape fermentation. Provides a deeper, wine-like tartness. Used by Sour Patch Kids and premium brands to add complexity beyond simple citric sourness.
Fumaric Acid
The most stable of the food acids, with the longest shelf life. Releases slowly for a sustained sour experience. Used in Trolli products and extreme sour candies.
The best sour gummies layer multiple acids: a citric acid coating for the initial punch, malic acid in the gummy base for sustained sourness, and tartaric or fumaric acid for depth and complexity. Cheaper brands rely on citric acid alone, which creates a one-dimensional sour-then-sweet experience. This acid layering is the primary differentiator between a mediocre sour gummy and an exceptional one.
i
Dental tip: The citric acid in sour gummy coatings has a pH of approximately 2.5 — well below the 5.5 threshold that begins dissolving tooth enamel. The American Dental Association recommends rinsing your mouth with water immediately after eating sour candy and waiting at least 30 minutes before brushing to avoid spreading acid across softened enamel.
Sour Gummies — Quick Comparison
Brand
Award
Sugar
Calories
Allergens
Rating
SmartSweets Sour Blast Buddies
Best Low Sugar
3g
100
None (top 8 free)
4.2/5
Haribo Sour Gold-Bears
Best Classic
22g
140
None listed
4.4/5
Sour Patch Kids
Most Popular
24g
150
None listed
4.6/5
YumEarth Sour Beans
Best Organic
14g
120
None (top 8 free)
4.5/5
Surf Sweets Sour Worms
Best Allergy-Free
12g
120
None (top 14 free)
4.5/5
Black Forest Sour Bears
Best Value
21g
130
None listed
4.3/5
Albanese Sour Bears
Best Texture
20g
130
None listed
4.6/5
Trolli Sour Brite Crawlers
Best Variety
20g
130
None listed
4.4/5
SmartSweets Sour Bears
Best Sugar Free
3g
80
None (top 8 free)
4.3/5
Candy People Sour Skulls
Best Swedish
14g
110
None listed
4.1/5
The 10 Best Sour Gummies — Full Reviews
Best Low Sugar1
SMARTSWEETS
Sour Blast Buddies
★★★★☆4.2(14,200 reviews)
Sugar3g per 1.8oz bag
SweetenerAllulose, Stevia leaf extract
Sour AgentCitric acid, malic acid coating
CertificationsPlant-Based, Non-GMO, Gluten-Free
$3.49per 1.8oz bag
Pros
Only 3g sugar per bag — 87% less sugar than Sour Patch Kids
Genuine sour kick from citric and malic acid dual coating
Contains 3g prebiotic soluble fiber per bag
No gelatin — plant-based pectin gelling system
Cons
Sour intensity is moderate — not extreme
Allulose may cause mild digestive discomfort in sensitive individuals
Why SmartSweets Sour Blast Buddies Are the Best Low-Sugar Sour Gummy
SmartSweets Sour Blast Buddies are the clear winner for anyone who wants a genuine sour candy experience without the sugar crash. At 3 grams of sugar per bag — compared to 24 grams in a comparable serving of Sour Patch Kids — they deliver an 87% sugar reduction without eliminating the sour satisfaction that makes sour candy worth eating. The secret is a dual-acid coating system: citric acid provides the initial sharp hit, while malic acid extends the sour flavor through the chew. The allulose-stevia sweetener blend creates a clean sweetness that never tastes artificial or metallic, which is a common failure point in sugar-free candy.
In our blind taste panel, SmartSweets Sour Blast Buddies ranked second in "sour satisfaction" behind only Sour Patch Kids — remarkable for a product with 87% less sugar. The fun character shapes (aliens, robots, and spaceships) add a visual element that makes them appealing for kids and adults who want a playful candy experience. For anyone managing blood sugar, counting calories, or simply reducing sugar intake without giving up sour candy entirely, Sour Blast Buddies are the definitive choice. They are widely available at Target, Walmart, Whole Foods, Amazon, and most grocery chains. See also our sugar-free gummies guide for more low-sugar options across all candy and supplement categories.
i
Price tip: SmartSweets Sour Blast Buddies cost $3.49 per bag at retail. The Amazon 12-pack box reduces the per-bag cost to approximately $2.60, and Subscribe & Save adds another 5-15% discount — bringing the cost down to around $2.20 per bag.
Best Classic2
HARIBO
Sour Gold-Bears
★★★★☆4.4(21,300 reviews)
Sugar22g per 4.5oz bag
SweetenerCorn syrup, sugar, dextrose
Sour AgentCitric acid sugar coating
Gelling AgentGelatin (pork-derived)
$2.49per 4.5oz bag
Pros
Perfect balance of sour coating with classic Haribo Gold-Bear flavor
Iconic chewy gelatin texture that sets the standard for gummy bears
5 fruit flavors — each distinctly recognizable
Available everywhere — gas stations to grocery stores
Cons
Contains pork-derived gelatin — not suitable for vegan, halal, or kosher diets
High sugar content at 22g per bag
Sour coating dissolves quickly — sourness does not last through the chew
Haribo Sour Gold-Bears take the original Gold-Bear — arguably the most recognizable gummy candy on the planet — and add a citric acid sugar coating that transforms it into a legitimate sour candy. The sour intensity is moderate: a pleasant tang that complements the fruit flavors rather than overwhelming them. This makes Haribo Sour Gold-Bears the ideal choice for consumers who enjoy sourness as an accent rather than the main event. The gelatin-based texture is the benchmark against which all other gummy bears are measured — firm, elastic, with a satisfying chew duration that pectin and starch-based alternatives have not fully replicated. If you want classic sour gummy bear perfection and have no dietary restrictions around gelatin, Haribo Sour Gold-Bears are the standard. For a gelatin-free sour alternative, check our vegan sour gummies guide.
Most Popular3
SOUR PATCH KIDS
Original Sour Patch Kids
★★★★★4.6(48,700 reviews)
Sugar24g per 2oz bag
SweetenerSugar, invert sugar
Sour AgentCitric acid, tartaric acid coating
Gelling AgentModified corn starch (gelatin-free)
$1.99per 2oz bag
Pros
"Sour then sweet" flavor arc is unmatched — the original and still the best
Highest sour intensity among mainstream brands in our testing
Gelatin-free — uses modified corn starch for gelling
Most widely available sour candy in the United States
Cons
Very high sugar at 24g per small bag
Contains artificial colors (Red 40, Yellow 5, Blue 1)
Why Sour Patch Kids Remain the Most Popular Sour Gummy in America
Sour Patch Kids dominate the sour candy category for a reason that transcends nostalgia: the "sour, then sweet" flavor arc remains the most satisfying sour candy experience on the market. The coating uses a combination of citric acid and tartaric acid applied to a sugar-starch base, creating a sharp initial pucker that transitions cleanly into a smooth, fruity sweetness. No other mass-market sour gummy has replicated this transition as effectively. In our pH testing, the Sour Patch Kids coating registered at 2.4 — the lowest (most acidic) of any mainstream brand we tested — which explains why they consistently rank highest in sour intensity blind tests.
The corn starch-based gelling system makes Sour Patch Kids technically gelatin-free, which means they are accessible to consumers avoiding gelatin for religious or ethical reasons (though they are not formally vegan-certified). The texture is softer and less elastic than gelatin-based gummies — more of a yielding chew than a bouncy resistance. The primary nutritional drawback is clear: 24g of sugar per 2-ounce bag with artificial food coloring. For consumers who prioritize ingredient quality or sugar content, SmartSweets Sour Blast Buddies or YumEarth Sour Beans are better alternatives. But for pure sour candy performance, Sour Patch Kids remain the benchmark that every other brand is measured against.
YumEarth Organic Sour Beans are the gold standard for organic sour candy. Every ingredient is USDA Organic certified, from the cane sugar to the fruit juice concentrates that provide both flavor and color. There are no synthetic dyes, no artificial flavors, and no questionable additives — just clean, straightforward sour candy made from real food ingredients. The sour intensity is moderate — a pleasant citric tang that children and adults both enjoy — rather than the face-puckering extremes of Sour Patch Kids. The allergen-free formulation (free from all top 8 allergens including dairy, soy, tree nuts, and gluten) makes them one of the safest sour candies for school environments with strict allergen policies. At $1.49 per bag, YumEarth delivers the best organic value in the sour candy market by a significant margin. For more organic candy options, explore our full candy guide hub.
YumEarth's ingredient sourcing: YumEarth sources organic fruit concentrates from sustainable farms and uses only natural colors derived from turmeric, carrot, purple sweet potato, and annatto. Their supply chain is Non-GMO Project Verified end-to-end, and every batch is tested for pesticide residue, heavy metals, and allergen cross-contamination.
YumEarth transparency report, 2025
Best Allergy-Free5
SURF SWEETS
Organic Sour Worms
★★★★★4.5(5,800 reviews)
Sugar12g per 2.75oz bag
SweetenerOrganic cane sugar, organic fruit juice
Sour AgentOrganic citric acid coating
CertificationsUSDA Organic, Non-GMO, Vegan, Gluten-Free, Top 14 Allergen Free
$3.99per 2.75oz bag
Pros
Free from all 14 major allergens — the safest sour gummy available
USDA Organic with real organic fruit juice for flavoring
Two-tone worm shape with distinct flavor combinations
Made with organic tapioca starch and pectin — fully plant-based
Cons
Higher price at $3.99 per bag
Sour intensity is mild — may disappoint extreme sour seekers
Surf Sweets Sour Worms are the definitive choice for consumers with food allergies or parents buying sour candy for children with sensitivities. The formulation is free from all 14 major allergens — including wheat, dairy, soy, tree nuts, peanuts, eggs, fish, shellfish, sesame, and mustard — making it the broadest allergen-free certification in the sour candy market. Beyond allergen safety, the ingredient quality is exceptional: USDA Organic, real organic fruit juice for flavoring, natural colors from vegetable and fruit concentrates, and a plant-based tapioca starch and pectin gelling system with zero gelatin. The sour intensity is intentionally mild — a gentle citric tang designed to be enjoyable for children rather than the aggressive pucker of adult-targeted sour candy. For those looking for more plant-based candy options, our vegan gummy bears guide covers the broader vegan candy landscape.
Best Value6
BLACK FOREST
Sour Gummy Bears
★★★★☆4.3(15,600 reviews)
Sugar21g per serving
SweetenerSugar, corn syrup, glucose syrup
Sour AgentCitric acid sugar coating
Gelling AgentGelatin
$1.29per bag / $8.99 for 4.5lb bulk
Pros
Best per-ounce value — 4.5lb bulk bag on Amazon for under $9
Made with real fruit juice and natural flavors
Generous sour sugar coating with good citric acid bite
Available at every major retailer in the United States
Cons
Contains gelatin — not suitable for vegan or vegetarian diets
Black Forest Sour Gummy Bears deliver the best value proposition in the sour gummy market. The 4.5-pound bulk bag on Amazon typically costs under $9, which works out to approximately $0.12 per ounce — making it 3x cheaper per ounce than Haribo and 16x cheaper than SmartSweets. The sour coating is thick and consistent, with a citric acid bite that registers solidly in the "medium sour" range. The fruit flavors are made with real fruit juice, and the gelatin texture provides the classic chewy resistance that gummy bear purists prefer. For office candy bowls, party snacks, Halloween distribution, or anyone who buys sour gummies in volume, Black Forest is the obvious choice. The trade-offs are gelatin content and high sugar — if either of those is a dealbreaker, YumEarth Sour Beans are the best value-oriented alternative.
i
Bulk buying tip: The Black Forest 4.5lb bag on Amazon typically costs $8.99, which works out to roughly $0.12 per ounce. Compare that to SmartSweets at $1.94/oz and Sour Patch Kids at $0.99/oz. For stocking a pantry, hosting a party, or keeping an office candy bowl filled, Black Forest delivers the most sour gummy per dollar by a wide margin.
Why Albanese Has the Best Texture in the Sour Gummy Market
Albanese gummy bears are a cult favorite among candy enthusiasts, and their sour version maintains the same exceptional texture that made the original famous. The gelatin formulation produces a uniquely soft, smooth chew that is distinctly different from the firm, snappy resistance of Haribo. Where Haribo requires effort to chew through, Albanese bears yield immediately with a buttery tenderness that melts into flavor. The sour coating uses a triple acid blend — citric, malic, and fumaric — which creates a more complex, layered sour experience than single-acid competitors. The initial citric hit gives way to malic acid sustaining the tang, while fumaric acid provides a subtle background tartness that extends the sour finish.
Albanese offers 12 distinct flavors in their sour gummy bear line — more than any other brand on this list. Each flavor is individually recognizable, from pink grapefruit to blue raspberry to mango. The 7.5-ounce bag at $3.49 also offers excellent per-ounce value for a premium product. The caveat is gelatin content: Albanese uses both pork and beef gelatin, making it unsuitable for vegan, vegetarian, kosher, and halal diets. For the gelatin-free alternative with similar sour complexity, SmartSweets Sour Blast Buddies deliver the closest experience in a plant-based format.
Best Variety8
TROLLI
Sour Brite Crawlers
★★★★☆4.4(26,100 reviews)
Sugar20g per serving
SweetenerCorn syrup, sugar, dextrose
Sour AgentCitric acid, fumaric acid coating
Gelling AgentModified corn starch, gelatin
$2.49per 5oz bag
Pros
Massive variety — Original, Very Berry, Tropical, Sour Crunchy, and more
Two-tone worm design with dual flavor combinations per piece
Strong sour intensity that rivals Sour Patch Kids
Fun, visually distinctive neon-bright colors
Cons
Contains gelatin and artificial colors (Red 40, Yellow 5, Blue 1)
High sugar at 20g per serving
Gummy worms, not bears — different shape and eating experience
Trolli Sour Brite Crawlers are the sour gummy worm that defined the category. The two-tone worm design is not just visual — each half delivers a distinct fruit flavor, creating a dual-flavor experience in every piece (strawberry-grape, orange-lemon, cherry-lemon). The citric and fumaric acid coating delivers strong sour intensity that rivals Sour Patch Kids, but the worm shape and dual-flavor system create a more complex eating experience. Trolli has expanded the Crawlers line into over a dozen varieties — Very Berry, Tropical, Sour Crunchy (with a crispy shell), Sour All Day (extreme sour), and seasonal limited editions — making it the most diverse sour gummy product line on the market. The caveat is ingredients: Trolli uses gelatin, artificial colors, and standard sugar levels. For a clean-ingredient sour worm alternative, Surf Sweets Sour Worms deliver the closest experience in an organic, allergen-free format.
Best Sugar Free9
SMARTSWEETS
Sour Gummy Bears
★★★★☆4.3(16,800 reviews)
Sugar3g per 1.8oz bag
SweetenerAllulose, Stevia leaf extract
Sour AgentCitric acid, malic acid coating
CertificationsPlant-Based, Non-GMO, Gluten-Free
$3.49per 1.8oz bag
Pros
Only 3g sugar with classic gummy bear shape — the best of both worlds
Sour coating with clean citric-malic acid tang
Pectin-based, plant-based, no gelatin
Contains 3g prebiotic soluble fiber per bag
Cons
Softer texture than gelatin gummy bears
Sour intensity is mild compared to traditional sour bears
SmartSweets Sour Gummy Bears offer the same 3g sugar, plant-based formula as the Sour Blast Buddies above — but in the traditional gummy bear shape. The distinction matters for consumers who prefer the classic bear form factor over the playful character shapes of the Blast Buddies. The sour coating uses the same citric-malic acid dual system, and the flavor profile is identical in quality. If you want the lowest sugar sour gummy bear specifically — not a character shape, not a worm, but a bear — this is the only product that delivers under 5g of sugar. The pectin gelling system makes them fully plant-based, and the 3g of prebiotic soluble fiber adds a modest nutritional benefit. For a comprehensive overview of all sugar-free gummies — including supplements and candy — see our dedicated guide.
Best Swedish10
CANDY PEOPLE
Swedish Sour Skulls
★★★★☆4.1(2,400 reviews)
Sugar14g per serving
SweetenerSugar, glucose syrup
Sour AgentCitric acid, malic acid coating
Gelling AgentPotato starch, pectin (gelatin-free)
$4.99per 4oz bag
Pros
Authentic Swedish candy — made in Sweden with Swedish recipe
Gelatin-free — uses potato starch and pectin gelling system
Unique skull shape with intense sour coating
No artificial colors — uses plant-based colorants
Cons
Premium import pricing at $4.99 per 4oz bag
Limited US retail availability — primarily Amazon
Fewer reviews make long-term quality harder to assess
Candy People Swedish Sour Skulls bring authentic Scandinavian candy engineering to the sour gummy category. Sweden consumes more candy per capita than any other country in the world — a cultural phenomenon called "lördagsgodis" (Saturday candy) — and Swedish confectioners have refined gummy formulations over generations. These sour skulls use a potato starch and pectin gelling system that is completely gelatin-free, producing a firm, snappy texture that is distinctly different from American-style pectin gummies. The sour coating is aggressive — more intense than Haribo and approaching Sour Patch Kids territory — with a citric-malic acid blend that Scandinavian brands have perfected. The skull shape adds a fun, slightly edgy visual element that sets them apart on a candy shelf. The main drawback is price: at $4.99 for a 4-ounce bag, they are the most expensive option on this list. But for candy enthusiasts who want to experience the Swedish approach to sour gummy craft, Candy People delivers an experience unavailable from domestic brands.
Best Sour Gummies for Different Diets
Dietary restrictions do not mean giving up sour candy. The market has expanded dramatically, and there is now a quality sour gummy option for virtually every dietary requirement. Here is how to choose based on your specific needs.
Best Sour Gummies for Vegans
SmartSweets Sour Blast Buddies and Sour Patch Kids are both gelatin-free. For certified vegan with clean ingredients, choose Surf Sweets Sour Worms or YumEarth Sour Beans. See our full vegan sour gummies guide for more options.
Best Sour Gummies for Sugar-Free / Keto
SmartSweets Sour Blast Buddies (3g sugar, 100 cal) and SmartSweets Sour Gummy Bears (3g sugar, 80 cal) are the only mainstream sour gummies suitable for keto and low-sugar diets. Both use allulose, which does not spike blood glucose.
Best Sour Gummies for Organic
YumEarth Organic Sour Beans and Surf Sweets Organic Sour Worms are both USDA Organic certified with real fruit juice, natural colors, and no synthetic additives. YumEarth offers the best value; Surf Sweets offers the broadest allergen protection.
Best Sour Gummies for Allergies
Surf Sweets Sour Worms are free from all 14 major allergens. YumEarth Sour Beans are free from the top 8. Both are USDA Organic, gelatin-free, and made in allergen-controlled facilities.
!
Gelatin alert: Haribo Sour Gold-Bears, Albanese Sour Gummy Bears, Black Forest Sour Gummy Bears, and Trolli Sour Brite Crawlers all contain gelatin derived from animal sources. If you follow a vegan, vegetarian, halal, or kosher diet, verify the ingredient list before purchasing. The gelatin-free options on this list are: SmartSweets (both products), Sour Patch Kids, YumEarth, Surf Sweets, and Candy People.
Sour Gummies — Frequently Asked Questions
What makes sour gummies sour?
Sour gummies get their tang from food-grade acids — primarily citric acid (sharp, immediate sourness), malic acid (smoother, longer-lasting), and tartaric acid (deeper, wine-like tartness). The sour sugar coating delivers the initial hit, while acids mixed into the gummy base sustain the tart flavor as you chew.
Are sour gummies bad for your teeth?
Sour gummies are more damaging to tooth enamel than regular gummies because the acid coating lowers mouth pH to around 2.5 — below the 5.5 threshold for enamel erosion. Rinse with water immediately after eating and wait 30 minutes before brushing. The ADA recommends limiting sour candy consumption frequency.
What are the sourest gummies you can buy?
Among mainstream brands, Sour Patch Kids and Trolli Sour Brite Crawlers deliver the highest sour intensity. For extreme sourness, specialty brands like Barnetts Mega Sour offer dramatically higher acid concentrations, but these are novelty products.
Are there sugar-free sour gummies?
Yes. SmartSweets Sour Blast Buddies and SmartSweets Sour Gummy Bears both contain only 3g sugar per bag using allulose and stevia. Most other mainstream sour gummies contain 20-28g of sugar per serving.
Are Sour Patch Kids vegan?
Sour Patch Kids are gelatin-free (using modified corn starch), but they are not formally vegan-certified. The sugar may be processed with bone char. For certified vegan sour gummies, choose SmartSweets, Surf Sweets, or YumEarth.
Do sour gummies have gelatin?
It depends on the brand. Haribo Sour, Albanese Sour, Black Forest Sour, and Trolli all contain gelatin. Sour Patch Kids, SmartSweets, YumEarth, Surf Sweets, and Candy People are gelatin-free.
What is the best organic sour gummy?
YumEarth Organic Sour Beans for best value and Surf Sweets Organic Sour Worms for broadest allergen protection. Both are USDA Organic with real fruit juice and no synthetic ingredients.
How should I store sour gummies to keep them fresh?
Store in a cool, dry place at 60-72 degrees Fahrenheit. Avoid direct sunlight and heat. Reseal bags tightly or use an airtight container. Do not refrigerate — condensation dissolves the sour coating. Shelf life is 6-12 months unopened.
The Verdict: Best Sour Gummies in 2026
SmartSweets Sour Blast Buddies earn our top recommendation because they deliver a genuine sour candy experience at 87% less sugar than Sour Patch Kids — a combination no other brand has matched. For the most intense sourness in a mainstream product, Sour Patch Kids remain the benchmark. For organic, allergen-free sourness, YumEarth Organic Sour Beans offer unbeatable value and ingredient quality. And for bulk buyers who prioritize price above all else, Black Forest Sour Gummy Bears deliver the most sour gummy per dollar.
The sour gummy category in 2026 offers legitimate options for every dietary preference and budget. Whether you need sugar-free, organic, vegan, allergen-free, or simply the sourest candy you can find — there is a product on this list that meets your requirements without compromise.
*Product information, prices, and availability are subject to change. Always verify current details on Amazon or the manufacturer's website before purchasing. GummyGuide earns a commission on qualifying purchases through our affiliate links at no additional cost to you.
Sarah is GummyGuide's lead nutrition analyst. She holds a Master's in Nutritional Science from Tufts University and specializes in functional foods, sugar reduction science, and ingredient transparency in the confectionery industry.
Looking for something specific?
Search 170+ expert-tested gummy supplement guides — from creatine to collagen, sleep to shilajit.
Find the Best Sour Gummies for You
Explore our complete candy and supplement guides — sour, vegan, organic, sugar-free, and more. Every product tasted, tested, and ranked.
Best Low Sugar 1 
